Journal of Pyrotechnics

 

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Titles and Abstracts for Issue 6, Winter 1997

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Thermal Hazards from the Accidental Ignition of Pyrotechnic Compositions
R. K. Wharton* and R. Merrifield** (*Health and Safety Laboratory, Buxton, Derbyshire; **Chemical and Hazardous Installations Division, Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, Merseyside, United Kingdom)
Abstract: In this paper we have analysed further some of our previously published data relating to thermal effects produced on the ignition of a range of pyrotechnic compositions, and have evaluated the hazards posed to those handling and working with such materials by reference to the distances for different degrees of burn injury.
Keywords: burn injury, thermal hazard, thermal radiation, thermal radiation hazard
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Abstract: When one wishes to predict or analyze rocket motor/engine performance accurately, a method for determining the nozzle thrust coefficient at each point in time is essential. If the vacuum thrust coefficient for the nozzle is known, the thrust coefficient for other conditions can easily be determined. This paper outlines several methods for determining the vacuum thrust coefficient in the hope that it will encourage this type of calculation and lead to new and better methods for simulation and analysis in the future.
Keywords: chamber pressure, expansion ratio, rocket motor,expansion ratio, propulsion theory, thrust coefficient, specific heat ratio
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Abstract: The ideal pyrotechnic is completely stable in storage and handling, yet performs its mission completely with absolute reliability upon demand. Many accidents in pyrotechnics are the result of unintentional ignitions during handling and storage. There are also serious safety ramifications of ignition and propagation failures of pyrotechnic devices. This review article presents a fairly rigorous, but mostly non-mathematical discussion of the ignition and propagation processes.
Keywords: activation energy, cook-off, enthalpy of reaction, spontaneous ignition , ignition temperature, ignition theory, propagation model, heat of reaction, ignition, thermal-run-away
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Abstract: The presence of sulfur/chlorate mixtures in fireworks compositions has been proposed as the cause of numerous accidents in production and storage. A series of accidents after the in-troduction of the 1875 Explosives Act led to additional legislation to prohibit such mixtures in the UK. In this paper, as part of an ongoing programme to quantify the hazards associated with the presence of the mixture in fireworks compositions, we have reviewed previously published work and give an outline of the ap-proach we will take in our current research.
Keywords: chemical reactivity, chlorate/sulfur, accidental ignition, reactivity, safety, sulfur/chlorate
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Abstract: The use of chlorine-free high performance oxidizers in solid rocket propellants may reduce launch costs, while producing less polluting exhaust products. Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) is a candidate fur such a next generation oxidizer. In this article the properties of HNF are addressed. Its combustion and decomposition characteristics, and its application in rocket propellants are discussed.
Keywords: composite rocket propellant, HNF, hydrazinium nitroformate, mono-propellant
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Abstract: The accurate estimation of the adiabatic flame temperature is necessary when evaluating a composite propellant. This in turn requires additional formulation and properties data including the reactant percentages, chemical formulas, and formation enthalpies, where the latter is sometimes difficult to obtain. When experimental data is not available, one must use estimation methods. The estimation method or its software implementation may not completely describe all components or properties of interest, however. This is often the case with isocyanates. The author has assembled thermodynamic data for a variety of isocyanates and from this, has derived Benson Group values that may be used in estimating isocyanate properties when experimental data is unavailable. Application of these estimates and their effect on the estimation of the adiabatic flame temperature is considered.
Keywords: Benson group, di-isocyanate, enthalpy of formation, flame -temperature, heat of formation, isocyanate, urethane
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Abstract: A severe human electrostatic discharge (ESD) equivalent source model has been developed for use in qualification testing of systems that have stringent safety or very high reliability requirements. The model produces the now-acknowledged worst-case waveform, and the values of the constituent components have been selected from measured human body electrical parameters to maximize the peak amplitude and rate of rise of the short-circuit discharge current and energy transfer to the victim system.
Keywords: electrostatic discharge sensitiveness testing, sensitiveness test methods
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Communications :
  • Consideration of Alternate Whistle Fuels by Rembert Amons
  • Frequency Stabilization of Large Diameter Strobe Flares by K. L. Kosanke
  • Estimating the Distribution of Molecular Energies by Wesley D. Smith
  • Further Comment from Fred Ryan on “Flash Powder Output Testing”
  • Comment from Terry McCreary on : “Model Rocket Motor, Theory and Design”
  • Authors’ reply to Terry McCreary
  • Review by Paul E. Smith of Lecture Notes for Pyrotechnic Chemistry

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  • Review by Tom Dimock of Introductory Practical Pyrotechnics

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