To order a copy now at a discounted price for postal delivery.

Typically the reductive elements give the following order of decreasing sensitivity when mixed with oxidizers: Zr > P > B > Al > Mg > S > Si. Without any other oxidizer present, Zr and P are high-sensitivity materials in air. The other elements do not ignite without oxidizer present in the apparatus used. The results from the simplified tester agree with results from the tester for high-sensitivity materials; however, some do not agree with those obtained from the tester for medium-sensitivity materials. This is partly attributed to the difference in the way the samples are confined in the apparatus. Correlations were also examined between the results of the electric spark tester and results from both the drop ball test and the friction test.

Keywords: electrostatic-sensitiveness testing, electrostatic-test equipment, electrostatic discharge sensitiveness, electrostatic discharge test equipment, electrostatic discharge testing

Reprint Information: Number of pages = 13. The price for this reprint is $6.50.
This is not an automated system, the reprint will usually be emailed within a day.

For these reasons, this article will consider the hazards of chemicals used in consumer fireworks, specialized indoor theatrical effects and professional outdoor effects. The article also will include material that is well-known to pyrotechnicians since readers from the theatrical and entertainment industries may find this background information helpful.

Keywords: health effects, stage pyrotechnics, pollution, air, safety, stage pyrotechnics, smoke health effects, stage effects health effects, toxicity stage pyrotechnics

Reprint Information: Number of pages = 8. The price for this reprint is the minimum charge of $5.00.
This is not an automated system, the reprint will usually be emailed within a day.

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of visual perspective on the observed size of shell bursts. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes specify minimum distances from the shell firing positions to the spectator boundaries in the United States. This paper addresses observed burst size and elevation as a function of mortar placement and spectator viewing positions, using shell burst radius and height information gathered by other researchers.

Keywords: perceived burst diameter, mortar, fireworks-placement, fireworks aerial shell perceived diameter, effect of viewing distance

Reprint Information: Number of pages = 8. The price for this reprint is the minimum charge of $5.00.
This is not an automated system, the reprint will usually be emailed within a day.

Abstract: Aerial shell drift is defined as the difference between the ballistically predicted point of fall of a dud shell and its actual point of fall. It had been speculated that longer length mortars and pill-shaped shells might experience significantly different drift than normal length mortars and spherical shells. It was found that while longer mortars propelled 6-inch (155 mm) aerial shells to greater heights, the average shell drift was affected. Further it was found that 6-inch (155 mm) pill-shaped shells may have drifted slightly more than spherical shells.

Keywords: fireworks mortar, effect on drift, aerial shell, fireworks drift, shape effect

Reprint Information: Number of pages = 5. The price for this reprint is the minimum charge of $5.00.
This is not an automated system, the reprint will usually be emailed within a day.

Abstract: This article addresses the theory and design of Ammonium Perchlorate / Hydroxyl-terminated Polybutadiene (AP/HTPB) composite propellant rocket motors. A discussion of the operating principles of solid motors, including motor dynamics, the combustion process of AP composite propellants, and basic nozzle theory is presented. Several grain geometries and thrust profiles are illustrated, and requirements for various casing, nozzle and adhesive materials are compared. The propellant system itself, consisting of oxidizer, binder and fuels, plasticizers, bonding agents and burn rate modifiers, is described.

Keywords: ammonium perchlorate, chamber pressure, composite rocket propellant, expansion ratio, grain geometry, HTPB, hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, impulse, specific, nozzle expansion ratio, chamber pressure, composite rocket propellant, grain geometry, rocket motor chamber pressure, expansion ratio, specific impulse

Reprint Information: Number of pages = 12. The price for this reprint is $6.00.
This is not an automated system, the reprint will usually be emailed within a day.